Buenos Aires is known as the "Paris of the South". It has beautiful allees, great shopping and of course the Tango in the colorfull city part "La Boca"! Note that Buenos Aires is different from the rest of Argentina.
The mighty Iguazu falls in the jungle are one of the natural world wonders. They are definitely worth visiting if you are in the area (less than 1000kms away!). You need to spend at least 1 day on the Brasilean and 1 day on the Argentinean side.
A personal favorite. Nice "little" town with flowers and churches in an arid environment "away from it all". Salta's historic center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most beautiful in all of Argentina.
Bariloche is known as "little Switzerland". Heidi does not live here nor is there a Matterhorn, but there is lots of Chocolate and great scenery. The lakes could indeed be Lucerne, but less crowded...
Mendoza is a nice, modern city at the foot of the Andes. It has many vineyards and bodegas. Feel free to taste and enjoy the sites. From Mendoza you can also cross to Chile passing the Aconcagua mountain.
Cafayate is an important tourist location in Northern Argentina thanks to the extraordinary landscape and the great wines. The largest golf course in S-America is here.
The Aconcagua at 6,961 metres, in the Andes mountains between Santiago de Chile and Mendoza, is the highest mountain outside the Himalayas.
The Perito Moreno near Calafate is a gigantic glacier in the far south of Argentina. Unlike most glaciers this one is still growing. When big chunks of ice break of the head of the glacier into the lake, it is a great sound, something you won´t forget.